CATs - PHYS121 Physiology

University of Tennessee
College of Pharmacy

Course Syllabus
PHYS121 Physiology

Director:    Share, Leonard
Minor Unit:    Physiology
Designation:    Basic Science

Type:    Required
Credit Hours:    5
#Enrolled:    117
Starting Year / Semester:    1 / 2
Ending Year / Semester:    1 / 2

Participating Faculty List

Blatteis, Clark
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Proctor, Dr. Kenneth
Share, Dr. Leonard
Thomason, Dr. Donald
Tigyi, Dr. Gabor
Waters, Dr. Christopher
Watsky, Dr. Mitchell

Goals

Basic Understanding: To provide the pharmacy student with the facts and concepts which would constitute a basic understanding of mammalian and human physiology
Background: To equip the pharmacy student with sufficient fundamental knowledge of physiology to serve as a background for other courses in the curriculum, e.g., pharmacology
Foundation: To provide a broad foundation of knowledge on which the student can build in directions of his/her own choosing
Application: To provide the studen the fundamentals of physiology which are likely to be applicable to a career in pharmacy

Learning Resources

Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function

    (Primary Resource)
    Resource Type:    Book
    Primary Author:    Vander
    Secondary Author:    Sherman
    Publishing House:    McGraw Hill
    City, Country:    Boston, MA
    Edition/Version#:    8
    Year Published:    2001

Learning Objectives

Course Objectives: The overall purpose of this course is to: provide the pharmacy student with the facts and concepts which would constitute a basic understanding of mammalian and human physiology, to equip the pharmacy student with sufficient fundamental knowledge of physiology to serve as a background for other courses in the curriculum, to provide a broad foundation of knowledge on which the student can build in directions of his/her own choosing, and to provide the student the fundamentals of physiology which are likely to be applicable to a career in pharmacy

Policy and Procedures

Location and TImes: All lectures are held in room A104, GEB.  For small group conferences, the class is divided into four groups; assigned rooms are in the GEB and vary, depending upon date.

Grading Policy: Each student will have the opportunity to answer a total of 296 questions during the course.  The questions will be presented as follows:
(a)    Four questions per lecture hour given during the four major exams in the course for a total of 248 points.
(b)    Twenty quiz questions given during certain of the lecture periods (at intervals determined by the individual lecturers) for a total of 20 points over the whole course.
(c)    A quiz given at the end of each small group session for a total of 28 points.
There will be no comprehensive final exam.  The final letter grade will reflect the total number of correct responses to these questions according to the following schedule:
93-100    A
90-92    A-
87-89    B+
83-86    B
80-82    B-
77-79    C+
73-76    C
70-72    C-
66-69    D
65 or less    F

Purpose

A basic course in mammalian and human physiology. The properties, composition, and function of living matter and its reactions to internal and external agents are presented. The course comprises lectures and small group sessions concerning the following organ systems: nervous, circulatory, respiratory, renal, digestive, and endocrine. Mechanisms of integration of the various physiological systems are stressed.

Sessions

001 Fluid Compartments, Cell membranes, Diffusion
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: List the major fluid compartments and their relative size
2: List the major chemical components of cell membranes
3: State the major functions of a cell membrane
4: List the types of membrane junctions that can be formed by cells
5: Indicate the direction of passive net flux of a substance of known concentration
6: Explain the dependence of flux magnitude on concentration difference, temperature, molecule mass, and surface area.
7: Identify the factors in Fick`s law
8: Define diffusion coefficient
Referenced Standards or Competencies
Tennessee  21 General & Professional Competencies
    05. Develop, Implement, Evaluate, & Modify Pharmaceutical Plan of Care
    06. Solve Medication-Related Problems
    07. Assess Patient and Order Meds or Labs
    09. Administer Medications
    10. Counsel and Educate Patients and Health Care Professionals
    11. Relate Non-Drug Therapy Knowledge
    12. Provide Emergency Care and Information
    14. Optimize Therapy Using Clinical Information
    15. Collaborate with Other Health Care Professionals
    16. Evaluate and Document Interventions and Outcomes
    18. Think Critcally and Problem Solve
    19. Make and Defend Rational, Ethical Decisions
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
Content Outline
Fluid compartments, cell membranes, diffusion
Mediated transport, osmosis
002 Mediated transport, Osmosis
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: State the molecular mechanism of protein-mediated transport across a cell membrane
2: List the properties of protein-mediated transport
3: List the determinants of flux magnitude
4: List the types of protein-mediated transport and the driving force for each.
5: Indicate the direction of water movement across a cell membrane for a given extracellular fluid tonicity
6: Explain the difference between tonicity and osmolarity
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
Content Outline
Cell potentials
Graded potentials, action potentials
003 Cell Potentials
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: Write Ohm`s Law, Define the factors, and state an analogy for each factor
2: Calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion at 37 degrees C
3: State the fundamental reason for the passive segregation of ions across a cell membrane
4: State the role of active transport in the segregation of ions across a cell membrane
5: List the relative intracellular and extracellular concentrations of the major ions
6: State why the resting membrane potential is often near the potassium equilibrium potential.
7: State the relative resting permeability of a membrane to sodium relative to potassium
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
Content Outline
Action potential propagation, nerve conduction
Synaptic transmission, neuromuscular transmission
004 Graded Potentials, Action Potentials
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: Describe a graded potential
2: State how stimulus polarity and magnitude affect a graded potential
3: Define spatial and temporal summation of graded potentials
4: List the sequence of membrane permeability changes responsible for an action potential
5: Define absolute and relative refractory periods
6: Describe how some anesthetics can block nerve activity
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
Content Outline
Skeletal muscle contraction, mechanism and mechanics
Skeletal muscle mechanics, smooth muscle contraction
005 Action Potential Propagation, Nerve Conduction
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: Define the necessary condition for an action potential to propagate along a membrane
2: List two examples demonstrating the importance of refractoriness to organized action potential propagation
3: State the role of pacemaker potentials for action potential generation
4: State the effect of nerve fiber size on a rate of action potential propagation
5: State the effect of nerve fiber myelination on the rate of action potential propagation
6: Define saltatory conduction
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
Content Outline
Muscle contraction, reflexes
Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and the autonomic nervous system
006 Synaptic Transmission, Neuromuscular Transmission
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: List the two types of post-synaptic potentials and an ionic basis for each
2: State the fundamental role of the post-synaptic membrane to the principle of convergence
3: List the two broad categories of synaptic transmission
4: List or draw the sequence of events required for chemical synaptic transmission
5: State the quantal theory of neurotransmitter disease
6: Define neuromodulation
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
Content Outline
Overview of Cardiovascular System/Hemodynamics
Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle/Rhythmic excitation of the heart
007 Skeletal Muscle Contraction
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: Name the major proteins of the sarcomere that maek up the think and thick filaments
2: Diagram how energy derived from ATP produces force through cross-bridge cycling
3: Recognize the tension varies with the length of a muscle
4: Name the neurotransmitter and its receptor type found at the neuromuscular junction
5: Describe the role of the transverse tubule system
6: State the key protein-ion interaction that initiates cross-bridge cycling
7: List the anatomical, mechanical, and metabolic properties of a slow and fast-twitch muscle fibers
8: List two ways to produce a graded contraction
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
008 Skeletal Muscle Mechanics, Smooth Muscle Contraction
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: Match the phases of shortening (isometric and isotonic) with the tension developed during these phases.
2: State the difference between syncytial and multi-unit smooth muscle
3: State the electrical conditions thatmodulate smooth muscle contraction
4: name the type of innervation characteristic of smooth  muscle
5: List the key proteins that regulate smooth muscle contraction
6: List the two ways to produce more force by smooth muscle
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
Content Outline
EKG/Excitation-contraction coupling
Heart as a pump
009 Motor Reflexes
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: You should be able to describe the role and innervation of:  (1) excitatory interneurons; and (2) inhibitory interneurons.
2: You should be able to define the neurotransmitters involved in:  (1) excitation; and (2) inhibition.
3: You should be able to identify which reflexes are monsynaptic and which are pleurisynaptic
4: You should be able to define the classes of reflexes
5: You should be able to state examples of reflexes of cutaneous and muscle origin
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
Content Outline
The cardiac cycle
Arterial system
010 Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and the Autonomic Nervous System
General Information
Faculty:    Thomason, Donald
Goals
1: List three neurotransmitters and their mode of action
2: State the two branches of the efferent peripheral nervous system
3: State the anatomical distinction between the somatic and autonomic nervous system
4: List the target organs of the autonomic nervous system
5: State the neurotransmitters, their receptors, and their anatomical location of the parasympathetic nervous system
6: State the neurotransmitters, their receptors, and their anatomical location of the sympathetic nervous system
7: Define autonomic balance
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Thomason, Dr. Donald
011 Respiratory System:  Structure and Function
General Information
Faculty:    Waters, Christopher
Goals
1: Identify the mechanism by which particles are cleared from the airways
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Waters, Dr. Christopher
012 Ventilation
General Information
Faculty:    Waters, Christopher
Goals
1: Draw a normal spirogram labeling the four lung volumes and four capacities.  List the volumes and four capacities.  List the volumes which comprise each of the four capacities.  Identify which volume and capacity cannot be measured by spirometry.
2: Define and contrast the following terms:  anatomic dead space, physiologic dead space, and alveolar ventilation
3: Based on changes in FEV, FEVI, FVC, and flow volume curves, characterize the pathology as a restrictive and/or obstructive lung disease.  Describe how FRC and residual volumes are altered in each case.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Waters, Dr. Christopher
Content Outline
Microcirculation
Venous System
013 Mechanics of Breathing
General Information
Faculty:    Waters, Christopher
Goals
1: Contrast the causes and characteristics of restrictive and obstructive lung disease, including the abnormalities in lung volumes associated with each.
2: Draw a normal pulmonary pressure volume curve, labeling the inflation and deflation limbs.  Explain the cause and significance of the hysteresis in the curves.
3: Define lung compliance and identify two clinical conditions in which compliance is higher or lower than normal.
4: Define surface tension as it applies to the lungs, including the effects of alveolar size and the role of surfactants.
5: Identify the forces which generate the negative intra-pleural pressure, and predict the direction that the lung and chest wall will move if air is introduced into the pleural cavity (pneumothorax).
6: Describe how airway resistance alters dynamic lung compliance.
7: Diagram the lung volume, tracheal pressure, alveolar pressure, and pleural pressure during normal quiet breathing cycle.  Identify on the figure the onset of inspiration, cessation of inspiration, and cessation of expiration.  Relate the pleural and airway pressure values to the movement.
8: Describe the factors that contribute to airway resistance.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Waters, Dr. Christopher
Content Outline
Integration in Health and Disease
Respiratory system: structure and function
014 Diffusion:  Exchange of Gases in Alveoli
General Information
Faculty:    Waters, Christopher
Goals
1: Contrast the proportional relationship between alveolar ventilation and the arterial blood gases PCO2 and PO2.
2: Define the following terms:  hypoventilation, hyperventilation, hypercapnea, and hyperpnea.
3: Name the factors that affect diffusive transfer of gas.
4: Describe in quantitative terms the affect of ventilation on PCO2 according to the alveolar ventilation equation.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Waters, Dr. Christopher
Content Outline
Ventilation
Mechanics of Breathing
015 Ventilation - Perfusion Relationships
General Information
Faculty:    Waters, Christopher
Goals
1: Contrast the systemic and pulmonary circulation with regards to pressures, resistane to blood flow, and response to hypoxia.
2: Describe the roles of distention and recruitment of pulmonary vessels in changing pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary vascular resistance.
3: Contrast the airway and vascular control mechanisms which help maintain a normal ventilation/perfusion ration.
4: Predict how abnormal ventilation/perfusion ratios will affect local alveolar oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures and exchange.
5: Identify the averabe V/Q ratio in a normal lung.  Explain how V/Q is affected by the vertical distribution of ventilation and perfusion in the lung.
6: Define two causes of abnormal V/Q distribution.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Waters, Dr. Christopher
016 Transport of Gases in Blood to Tissue
General Information
Faculty:    Waters, Christopher
Goals
1: List the normal alveolar, arterial, and mixed venous blood gas values for PO2, PCO2, and pH.
2: Define percent oxygen saturation, oxygen tension, and oxygen content as they pertain to blood.
3: Draw and label an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (hemoglobin oxygen equilibrium curve) showing the amount of dissolved oxygen and the relationships between oxygen partial pressure, oxygen saturation, and blood oxygen content.
4: Show how the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is affected by changes in blood temperature, pH, PCO2, and 2, 3 DPG.
5: Describe how anemia and carbon monoxide poisoning affect the shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, PaO2 and PCO2.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Waters, Dr. Christopher
Content Outline
Diffusion: Exchange of Gases in Alveoli
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships
Transport of Gases in Blood to Tissue
017 Transport of Gases to Lung/Acid-Base Balance
General Information
Faculty:    Waters, Christopher
Goals
1: List the normal alveolar, arterial, and mixed venous blood gas values for PO2, PCO2, and pH.
2: Describe how anemia and carbon monoxide poisoning affect the shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, PaO2 adn PCO2.
3: List the forms in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood.  Identify the percentage of total CO2 transported as ech form.
4: Describe the importance of the chloride shift in the transport of CO2 by the blood.
5: Identify the enzyme which is essential to normal carbon dioxide transport by the blood and its location.
6: Draw the carbon dioxide dissociation curves for oxy and deoxyhemoglobin.  Define the interplay between CO2 and O2 binding on hemoglobin which causes the Haldane Effect
7: Define respiratory acidosis and alkalosis and give clinical examples of each.
8: Describe the mechanism and function of respiratory acid base compensations.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Waters, Dr. Christopher
Content Outline
Transport of Gases to Lung/Acid-base balance
Control of Respiration
018 Control of Respiration
General Information
Faculty:    Waters, Christopher
Goals
1: List the anatomical locations of chemoreceptors sensitive to changes in arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH which participate in the control of ventilation.  Identify which chemoreceptor population is most important in sensing short term (acute) and long term (chronic) alterations in blood gas.
2: Describe the mechanisms for the shift in alveolar ventilation which occur immediately upon ascent to high altitude, after remaining at high altitude for two weeks, and immediately upon return to sea level.
3: Describe the interaction of hypoxia and hypercapnia in teh control of aveolar ventilation.
4: Describe teh significance of the feeforward control of ventilation during exercise and the effects of exercise on arterial and mixed venous PCO2, PO2, and pH.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Waters, Dr. Christopher
019 Gastrointestinal
General Information
Faculty:    Waters, Christopher
Goals
1: Describe the overall role of the gastrointestinal system with respect to the whole body balance of water, electrolytes, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.  Include the processes of digestion, absorption, metabolic production, metabolic consumption, secretion, and excretion.  Identify appropriate metabolic waste products present in the feces.
2: For carbohydrates, differentiate the process of ingestion, digestion, absorption, secretion, adn excretion, including the location in the GI tract where each process occurs.  Repeat the analysis for proteins and fats.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Waters, Dr. Christopher
Content Outline
Body Fluid Compartments: Volume and Composition
Introduction to Renal physiology
Glomerular filtration
020 Body Fluid Compartments
General Information
Faculty:    Share, Leonard
Goals
1: As a function of body weight, the student should know the approximate volumes of:  (1) total body water; (2) extracellular fluid; (3) intracellular fluid; (4) interstitial fluid; (5) plasma; and (6) blood.
2: List the major cations and anions in each of the body fluid compartments.
3: State the forces that govern the distribution of water between the body fluid compartments.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Share, Dr. Leonard
Content Outline
Clearance concept and renal hemodynamics
Tubular Function: Reabsorption and Secretion of Non-electrolytes
021 Introduction to Renal Physiology
General Information
Faculty:    Share, Leonard
Goals
1: List the anatomical elements of the neprhon
2: List the anatomical elements of the renal vasculature.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Share, Dr. Leonard
Content Outline
Renal processing of sodium and water I and II
022 Glomerular Filtration and Renal Hemodynamics
General Information
Faculty:    Share, Leonard
Goals
1: Explain the concept of glomerular filtration
2: Define glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and renal plasma flow and list typical values.
3: Identify the filtration barriers, if any, which impede the filtration of water, sodium, albumin, insulin, and red blood cells.
4: State the role of the following in determining glomerular filtration rate:  Filtration coefficient and the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures in teh glomerular capillaries and Bowman`s capsule.
5: Predict the effects of changes in resistances of the afferent and efferent arterioles on glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow.
6: Define filtration fraction
7: Describe the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms which mediate the autoregulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.
8: State the effects of each of the following on renal blood flow:  the sympathetic nervous system, and renin-angiotensin system, vasopressin, prostaglandins, blood volume, and arterial blood pressure.
9: Name the components of the renin-angiotensin system.
10: State the effects of each of the following on renin secretion:  sympathetic nervous system, sodium load to the macula densa, intrarenal baroreceptors, angiotensin II, vasopressin, arterial blood pressure, and blood volume.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Share, Dr. Leonard
023 Renal Clearance
General Information
Faculty:    Share, Leonard
Goals
1: Explain the clearance principle
2: Use the clearance equation and an appropriate compound to estimate glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow.
3: Given teh plasma and urine concentration of a substance and urine flow rate, calculate filtered load, tubular transport, excretion rate, and clearance of that substance.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Share, Dr. Leonard
Content Outline
Renal processing of potassium and calcium
Role of the kidney in acid-base balance
024 Tubular Function Except for Electrolytes and Water
General Information
Faculty:    Share, Leonard
Goals
1: Explain the concepts of tubular reabsorbtion and secretion.
2: State the renal handling of each of the following:  glucose, p-aminohuppurate (PAH), phosphate, and urea.
3: Explain the concept of tubular maximum (Tm) for the reabsorbtion of substances such as glucose and the secretion of substances such as PAH.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Share, Dr. Leonard
025 Renal Processing of Sodium, Water, Potassium and Calcium
General Information
Faculty:    Share, Leonard
Goals
1: Describe the contribution of the major nephron segments to the reabsorbtion of filtered sodium, calcium, chloride, and water.
2: Explain the concept of the countercurrent mechanism for the excretion of a concentrated urine and the roles of the loop of Henle and the vasa rectae in this mechanism.
3: Describe the roles of the distal tubule and the collecting duct system in the production of a concentrated or dilute urine, and the role of vasopressin (ADH) in these processes.
4: Explain the concepts of osmolar clearance and free water clearance and be able to calculate these clearances.
5: Describe the roles of the major segment of the nephron in the reabsorbtion and tubular secretion of potassium.
6: State the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the renal processing of sodium.
7: State the role of plasma osmolarity, blood volume, and arterial blood pressure in the control of vasopressin release and the receptors involved in this control.
8: State the role of the following in the renal handing of potassium:  aldosterone, plasma potassium concentration, acid-base balance, and delivery of sodium to the distal nephron.
9: State the role of teh plasma calcium concentration and parathyroid hormeon (PTH) in the renal processing of calcium.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Share, Dr. Leonard
Content Outline
Overview, structure, digestion and absorption
026 Role of the Kidney in Acid-Base Regulation
General Information
Faculty:    Share, Leonard
Goals
1: Identify the major segments of the nephron involved in the reabsorbtion of bicarbonate.
2: Describe the cellular mechanism involved in bicarbonate reabsorbtion and the role carbonic anydrase.  Understand the relationship between bicarbonate reabsorbtion and hydrogen ion secretion.
3: Explain the effects of the following on bicarbonate reabsorbtion:  plasma pCO2, plasma concentrations of potassium and hydrogen ion, and extracellular fluid volume.
4: Explain the concept of the excretion of titratable acid, the roles of hyeogen, ion secretion and filtered phosphate in this process, and the renal generation of new bicarbonate.
5: Understand the role of the tubular secretion of ammonium ion in the generation of new bicarbonate.
6: When given appropriate data be able to calculate the following:  filtered bicarbonate, bicarbonate reabsorbed, tubular secretion of hydrogen ion, and new bicarbonate generated.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Share, Dr. Leonard
Content Outline
Regulation
027 Overview, Structure, Digestion and Absorption
General Information
Faculty:    Watsky, Mitchell
Goals
1: Describe the overall role of the gastrointestinal system with respect to the whole body balance of water, electrolytes, carbohydrates, fats and proteins.  Include the processes of digestion, absorption, metabolic production, metabolic consumption, secretion, and excretion.  Identify appropriate metabolic waste products present in the feces.
2: For carbohydrates, differentiate the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, secretion, and excretion, including the location in the GI tract where each process occurs.  Repeat the analysis for proteins and fats.
3: Identify the approximate normal volumes of fluid entering and leaving the gastrointestinal tract daily.
4: Identify the anatomical location of the endocrine cells secreting gastrin, secretin, and cholecstokinin (CCK), GIP, and motilin.
5: State the substrates and digestion products of salivary amylase (ptyalin).
6: Identify the stimuli and cell types involved in the GI secretion of mucous, and identify the function of salivary mucua.
7: State three types of stimuli that increase salivary secretion.
8: Identify the normal resting esophageal pressure that explain why this pressure varies with the respiratory cycle.
9: Describe the origin and consequence of the high basal tone found in the upper exophageal sphincter (UES) and lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
10: State the stimulus which initiates the swallowing sequence.  Identify the point at which teh swallowing sequence becomes automatic (independent of voluntary control).
11: Contrast the patterns of external and internal innervation of the upper, middle, and lower esophagus.
12: Describe the pressure changes that occur in the esophagus as a bolus of food moves from teh pharynx to the stomach, including the pressures immediately oral and aboral to the bolus, and the pressures in the upper and lower esophageral sphincters.
13: Contrast primary and secondary peristalsis based on initiating event, voluntary control, reflex propagation, and regions of the pharynx and esophagus involved.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Watsky, Dr. Mitchell
Content Outline
Regulation, pathophysiology
028 Regulation
General Information
Faculty:    Watsky, Mitchell
Goals
1: Define the major characteristics, and temporarily relate the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of GI tract regulation.
2: Describe the four classes of luminal stimuli that trigger GI reflexes.
3: Contrast the sympathetic and parasysmpathetic modulatin of the enteric nervous system and the effector organs of the GI tract.
4: Classify the following enteric nervous system neurotransmitters as excitatory or inhibitatory:  Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, CCK, VIP, histamine, and somatostatin.
5: Describe the similarities and differences in regulation gastrointestinal function by nerves, hormones, and paracrine regulators.
6: Identify the anatomical location of the endocrine cells secreting gastrin, secretin, and cholecstokinin (CCK), GIP, and motilin.
7: Describe the function of somatostatin and histamine as paracrine regulators of acid secretion in the stomach.
8: Identify the stimuli and cell types involved in GI secretion of mucous, and identify the fundtion of salivary mucua.
9: Describe the storage, digestion, and motility roles of the stomach.
10: Identify the protein component of chief cell secretions.
11: Describe the generation of an "alkaline tide" in teh hepatic portal venous system following ingestion of a meal.
12: Describe the role, if any, of HCI in teh gastric digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
13: State stimuli for pepsinogen release, the mechanism for activating pepsinogen, and describe the digestion products of pepsin activity.
14: Describe the role of the stomach in preventing pernicous anemia.
15: Describe the regulation of H+-K+ATPase, the stimuli for activation, and process of activation including vesicular fusion with the luminal plasma membrane.
16: Describe the mechanism of gastric H+ generation and secretion, including the role of K+, CI=HC03, carbonic anhydrase, H+-K+ATPase.
17: Describe the modulation of gastric acid secretion by the enterochromafin-like cell (ECL cell), and the control of this process (including potentiation) by vagal stimulation, gastrin, histamine, and somatostatin.
18: Identify the stimuli that a) increase gastrin release, and b) inhibit gastrin release.
19: State the effects of acid, fat, adn solutions of high osmolarity in teh duodenum on gastric secretion and describe the mechanisms by which these effects regulate gastric secretion.
20: Define receptive relaxation of the stomach and state mechanism and consequence.
21: Describe origin and form of electrical activity and the progression of paristaltic waves across the body and antrum of the stomach.  Include their role in mixing and propulsion of gastric contents, and how the frequency is altered by the volume of gastric contents.
22: Predict effects of a) meal content (osmolarity, fat content, etc.) b) particle size, and c) volume on the rate of gastric emptying, including duodenal feedback.
23: List the major ionic and peptide/protein components secreted by the pancreas.
24: Describe the mechanisms by which chyme from the stomach is neutralized in teh duodenum.
25: Describe the mechanisms by which pancreatic zymogens are activated in the small intestine.
26: List the stimuli that release a) secretin and b) CCK, and the cellular mechanisms by which these agents control pancreatic secretion.  Include any synergistic effects between CCK and secretin.
27: State the effects of autonomic nerves of the pancreas and vago-vagal relaxes on pancreatic secretion.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Watsky, Dr. Mitchell
Content Outline
Principles of Hormonal Control System-1 and 2
029 Regulation, Pathophysiology
General Information
Faculty:    Watsky, Mitchell
Goals
1: Define the major characteristics, and temporarily relate the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of GI tract regulation.
2: Describe the similarities and differences in regulation gastrointestinal function by nerves, hormones, and paracrine regulators.
3: List the major ionic and peptide/protein components secreted by the pancreas.
4: Describe the mechanisms by which chyme from the stomach is neutralized in the duodenum.
5: Describe the mechanism by which pancreatic zymogens are activated in the small intestine.
6: List the stimuli that release a) secretin and b) CCK, and the cellular mechanisms by which these agents control pancreatic secretion.  Include any synergistic effects between CCK and secretin.
7: State the effects of the autonomic nerves of the pancreas and vago-vagal relaxes on pancreatic secretion.
8: List the water, ionic, bile, salt, and bilirubin components of bile as secreted by the liver, and explain the modification of bile as it is stored in teh gall bladder.  Identify the role of secretin on the hepatic production of bile.
9: Describe the cellular mechanisms for the hepatic uptake, conjuation, and secretion of bile salts and bilirubin.
10: Describe the role of CCK in causing release of bile from the gall bladder, including the effects on the sphincter of Oddi.
11: Describe the amphipathic structure of bile acids and predict how this property assists the digestion of fats.
12: Contrast the physical state of an emulsion with a micellar solution, and explain the conditions for the formation of emulsifications and miceles in the duodenum.
13: Define enterohepatic circulation.
14: Describe the mechanism of reabsorption of bile acids in the early portion of the small intestine with the mechanism found in the later part of the small intestine.
15: Predict the effects of an increase in hepatic protal vein bile acid concentration on the rate of bile secretion and bile acid synthesis.
16: List the chemical classes of teh carbohydrates entering the duodenum from teh stomach, and identify the mechanisms mediating further digestion and absorption across the apical and basolateral membranes of the intestinal eqithelia.  Include pancreatic secretions and brush border enzymes.
17: Predict the small intestine and colonic consequence of a dificiency in the enzyme lactase.
18: List the chemical classes of the proteins entering the duodenum from the stomach and identify mechanisms mediating further digestion and absorption across the apical and basolateral membranes of the intestinal epithelia.  Include pancreatic secretions and brush border enzymes.
19: Contrast the secondary active transport of amino acids with that of di and tri peptides, including the ion used as the energy source.
20: List the chemical classes of the lipids entering the duodenum from teh stomach, and identify mechanisms mediating further digestion and absorption across the apical and basolateral membranes of the intestinal epithelia.  Include the roles of pancreatic lipase, colipase, and micelleas.
21: Describe the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in processing lipids absorbed across the apical membrane of enterocytes.
22: Describe the composition and formation of chylomicrons, their movement across the enterocyte basolateral membrane, and the route of entry into the cardiovascular system.
23: Define steatorrhea.
24: Describe the absorption of water-soluble vitamins, including the role of intrinsic factor in the absorption of vitamin B12.
25: Describe the pathways, if any, by which sodium ions, water, iron, and calcium are absorbed in the small intestine and colon.
26: Diagram the cellular mechanisms of colonic sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate secretion.
27: Describe the characteristics of the Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) of the small intestine and its relation to smooth muscle contractile activity.
28: Describe the role of "Interstitial Cells of Cajal" in generation of electrical slow waves, and predict the consequence of the frequency gradients of electrical slow waves occuring within the intestinal tract.
29: Contrast the patterns of intestinal motility seen during the absorptive phase (segmentation) with that of the post-absorptive phase between meals (the migrating motility comples, MMC)
30: Contrast the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous activity in modulating small intestinal motility.
31: Describe the effects of distension on small intestinal motility.
32: State the effects of increased pressure in the ileum and cecum on the ileocecal sphincter, including defining the term "gastroileal reflex".
33: Compare colonic motor activity with the motor activity in the small intestine.
34: Contrast the colonic motor activity during a "mass movement" with that during haustral shuttling, and the consequence of each type of colonic motility.
35: Describe the sequence of events occuring during reflexive defecation, differentiating those movements under voluntary control and those under intrinsic control.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Watsky, Dr. Mitchell
Content Outline
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Relationship
Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis
030 Principles of hormonal control system
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Define endocrine, paracrine, autaocrine, and exocrine systems, define neuro-secretory cells by giving a few examples.
2: List major categories of hormones and give several examples that belong to each class.
3: List important factors that determine hormone levels in circulation.
4: Describe four general functions of hormones.
5: Explain with exampes neuroendocrine integration.
6: Explain cellular actions of hormones via membrane receptors.
7: Explain cellular action of hormones via protein synthesis.
8: Discuss major categories of cellular signal pathways of hormones via membrane receptors.
9: Discuss major categories of cellular signal pathways of hormones via cytosolic/nuclear receptors.
10: Define basal secretion and stimulated secretion of endocrine glands.
11: Describe negative and positive feedback system using an example.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Content Outline
Hormonal control of metabolism-1 and 2
031 Hypothalamic-Hypophysial relationship and adenohypophysis
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: List anatomical, biochemical, and functional evidence showing the intimate relationships between hypothalamus and adenohypophysis and between hypothalamus and neurohypophysis.
2: List the existing hypothalamic-releasing (and release-inhibiting) hormones (factors).  Be familiar with abbreviations.
3: Explain the effects of TRH injection on plasma TSH levels in normal, primary hypothyroid, primary hyperthyroid, and pituitary hypothyroid persons, and explain the mechanism behind the predicted changes.
4: List the major findings revealed after hypophysectomy and relate to hypophysial hormones and their target hormones responsible for those abnormal symptoms.
5: List four major groups of hypophysial hormones and name the hormones that belong to each group.
6: Describe the growth-stimulating action of growth hormone and active mediator(s).  Discuss the direct actions of growth hormone.
7: Discuss the importance of thyroid hormone in growth hormone synthesis (release) and function.
8: Explain insulin resistance caused by growth hormone.
9: Name the diseases caused by hyper- and hyposecretion of growth hormone.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
032 Hypothalamic-Hypophysial relationships and neurohypophysis
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Recall anatomical, biochemica., and functional evidence showing intimate relationships between hypothalamus and neurohypophysis.
2: Name two major neurohypophysial hormones in man and mention their chemical group names and biosynthesis.
3: Describe the physiological functions of vasopressing (ADH) and oxytocin.
4: Describe cellular actions of vasopressin in terms of site of actions, receptors, and cellular signals.
5: Discuss briefly aquaporine water channels and relation to vasopressin.
6: What kind of changes do you expect in urine volume and osmolality and in ECF volume when vasopressin synthesis is severely impaired?  What will happen to water intake?
7: Describe the control of vasopressin release by three major mechanisms.  State the relative sensitivity of three receptors.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Content Outline
Hormonal control of metabolism-3
Hormonal control of volume and ions-1
033 Hormones controlling metabolism and volume/ion homeostasis
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Describe briefly the morphology of the thyroid gland, cell types, and hormones.
2: Describe the biosynthesis steps of thyroid hormones.  What is the role of iodine in thyroid hormone synthesis?
3: Describe unique aspects of thyroid hormones in terms of biological half-life, biosynthesis, circuling form, active metabolite, and time lag of rinitiation of action.
4: Discuss the importance of thyroid hormones in CNS development.
5: Explain calorigenic action of thyroid hormones.
6: Describe the regulation of thyroid hormones and the role of T3 in negative feedback at the pituitary level.
7: Describe the role of TSH in thyroid hormone biosynthesis.  Which steps are stimulated by TSH.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Content Outline
Hormonal control of volume and ions-2
Hormonal control of male reproduction
034 Adrenal Cortex & Medulla
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Name three zones in the adrenal cortex and major regulator(s) of each zone.
2: Name three steroidogenesis pathways and their major products.
3: Explain briefly the physiological mechanism of adrenogenital syndrome.
4: Describe the physiological actions and roles of aldosterone.
5: Explain briefly the renin-angiotensin system.
6: Describe the negative feedback regulation of aldosterone and its relationship to blood volume/blood pressure homeostasis.
7: Describe hepatic and extrahepatic metabolic actions of glucocorticoids. Discuss their relationship.
8: State the major findings caused by adrenal hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids.
9: State the major findings caused by adrenal hypersecretion of glucocorticoids.
10: Name the major hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla.  Discuss the differences of epinephrine and norepinephrine in cardiovascular actions (physiological dose).
11: List the metabolic actions of catecholamines.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Content Outline
Hormonal control of female reproduction
Pregnancy and Lactation
035 Endocrine Pancreas
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Name the cell types of the Islets of Langerhans and name the hormones secreted by them.
2: Describe the target tissue(s) and function(s) of glucagon.
3: List the major factors that stimulate or inhibit glucagon and insulin.
4: List the chemical group name(s) of glucagon and insulin.
5: Describe the important physiological roles of insulin.
6: List the major actions of insulin in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver.
7: Explain briefly the mechanism of glucose uptake into the muscle.
8: Name the tissues in which insulin facilitates glucagon uptake and those in which insulin does not facilitate glucose uptake.
9: List the major factors that stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion.
10: Discuss the neural regulation of insulin.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
036 Hormonal control of fuel metabolism and growth
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Which nutrient storages are preferably used for short-term regulation of energy metabolism if no nutrient is available from the GI tract?
2: Discuss the hormones involved, fuel storage capacity, fuel storage consumption, and glucose (or fatty acid) levels during 1) the postprandial period, 2) the psot absorptive perion, and 3) fasting.
3: List the insulin-counteracting hormones and their roles in glucose homeostasis.  Discuss the hormones involved in minute-to-minute regulation and long-term regulation of glucose homeostasis.
4: List the hormones important for growth and discuss their roles.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Content Outline
Synaptic transmission
Simple neural circuits
037 Hormonal control of fluid and ion balance
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Name three phases of responses to an acute fall in blood pressure/blood volume (such as by hemorrhage) and discuss the physiological mechanism behind those responses.
2: With respect to the above mentioned three types of responses, name the hormones involved and discuss their roles.
3: Describe fluid shift from capillaries in the above mentioned event that helps in restoring lost blood volume.  Discuss the factors used to determine fluid shift.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Content Outline
somatic sensory system
visual system
038 Calcium homeostasis and calcium regulating hormones
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: List three forms of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in the plasma and their approximate percentage.
2: List three major organs important for Ca/P balance.  Discuss their roles in Ca/P homeostasis.
3: Diagram the bisynthesis of calcitriol and the role PTH in calcitriol ormatin.
4: Describe the target organs (cells) and cellular actions of PTH and calcitriol.
5: Describe the control of plasma Ca levels by PTH and their target organs.
6: Describe the origin and major function of calcitonin.
7: With abnormally high PTH, what do you expect in the plasma Ca level and urinary Ca/P excretion.
8: Describe the overall pictures of Vitamin D deficiency in terms of plasma Ca/P balance, calcitriol levels, and bone morphology.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Content Outline
visual system
auditory system
039 Hormonal control of male reproduction
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Name the major types of cells in the seminiferous tubule and in the surrounding interstitial tissues.
2: In which stage of male life do you find active interstitial cells of Leydig?
3: Name the major androgens and the tissues and cells in which they are synthesized.
4: Describe two major types of testosterone transformation in tissues.
5: Explain the physiology of FSH and LH:  1) where they are synthesized; 2) target tissues/cells; 3) cellular mediators; 4) cellular actions and physiological roles.  Explain how Ledig cells and Sertoli cells work in concert.
6: List the major functions of testosterone.
7: List the major functions of Sertoli cells.
8: Explain the control of testosterone secretion by describing the hypothalamic-pituitary-Leydig cell axis.
9: Explain the hypothalamic-pituitary-seminiferous tubule.
10: Discuss hormonal changes of puberty.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Content Outline
vestibular system
taste and smell
040 Hormonal control of female reproduction
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Explain the major cellular components of the ovary in normal adult females.
2: Name the major estrogens.  Mention their immediate precursors and where the conversin takes place.
3: Discuss the ovarian cycle; define three phases; major events occurring in each phase, and hormones regulating each phase.
4: Discuss the uterine cycle; define three phases,  major events occuring in teh uterus, and hormones regulating each period.
5: Explain the physiology of FSH and LH:  1) where they are synthesized; 2) target tissues/cells; 3) cellular mediators; 4) cellular actions and physical roles.  Explain how the Ca cells and granulosa cells work in concert.
6: List the major functions of estrogens.
7: List the major functions of progesterones.
8: Describe ovarian-pituitary interactions at the follicular phase, midcycle, and luteal phase.  Explain positive feedback between estrogen and LH at the time of ovulation.
9: Explain the physiology of menopause in terms of changes in ovary morphology and ovarian hormones and in gonadotropins.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
Content Outline
skeletal motor control
041 Hormonal control of pregnancy and lactation
General Information
Faculty:    Nishimura, Hiroko
Goals
1: Name the major placental hormones and describe changes in maternal plasma levels during pregnancy.
2: Discuss the importance of hCG in the first trimester of pregnancy.
3: Explain the source of placental progesterone.
4: Explain the source(s) of placental estrogens.
5: Explain the fetalplacental unit in terms of synthesis of estrogens.
6: Describe the structural unit of the mammary gland.
7: Describe briefly the major changes in the mammary gland at puberty and during pregnancy.
8: Explain the physiological mechanism of milk secretion in terms of the roles of hormones.
9: List the role of oxytocin in childbirth.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Nishimura, Dr. Hiroko
042 Introduction to Sensory Physiology
General Information
Faculty:    Jaggar, Jonathan
Goals
1: Draw, Describe, Match the structure of the Central Nervous System.
2: Draw, Describe, Match the structure of the Peripheral Nervous System.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
043 General Principles of the Sensory System
General Information
Faculty:    Jaggar, Jonathan
Goals
1: Draw, Describe, Match sensory terminology.
2: Draw, Describe, Match sensory modalities.
3: Draw, Describe, Match types of receptors associated with sensory modalities.
4: Draw, Describe, Match neural pathways in sensory system.
5: Describe adaptation and response characteristics during adaption.
6: Describe primary sensory coding characteristics.
7: Describe central control of afferent information.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
044 Somatic Sensation
General Information
Faculty:    Jaggar, Jonathan
Goals
1: Know types of cutaneous receptors and adequate stimuli for each.
2: Understand importance of non-neural components of receptors in cutaneous perception.
3: Outline the neural connections and pathways between peripheral cutaneous receptors and CNS terminal projections.
4: Explain 2-point threshold and differential sensitivity to pressure on different parts of the body.
5: Describe receptors for pain and explain difference between fast and slow pain.
6: Discuss clinical abnormalities of pain sensation.
7: Introduce mechanisms of posture and movement sensation.
8: Describe temperature sensation and appropriate receptors.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
045 Vision
General Information
Faculty:    Jaggar, Jonathan
Goals
1: Understand the behavior of light and the visual spectrum.
2: Describe parts of the eye and function of each.
3: Describe neural pathway from retina to visual cortex.
4: Describe process of focusing and the role of accomodation.
5: Define visual abnormalities associated with errors in refraction, mechanisms, anda correction.
6: Understand responses and mechanisms of feature detection.
7: Know mechanisms of dark adaptation.
8: Describe mechanisms of color vision.
9: Describe mechanisms of eye movement and the concept of visual fields.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
046 Audition
General Information
Faculty:    Jaggar, Jonathan
Goals
1: Understand mechanisms of conversion of pressure waves into the traveling wave on the basilar membrane.
2: Understand movement of the wave down the basilar membrane.
3: Understand transduction of auditory stimuli into nerve activity at the receptor cell.
4: Describe mechanisms of intensity and quality coding of auditory sensation.
5: Describe mechanisms for localization of sound in space.
6: Discuss hearing impairments.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
047 Vestibular System
General Information
Faculty:    Jaggar, Jonathan
Goals
1: Describe the anatomoical adaptations that allow the vestibular system to sense acceleratin and head position.
2: Describe the relationship between receptor cell stimulation and direction of stimulation.
3: Explain how receptors cells in canals are responsive to rotational acceleration and receptors in the utricle and saccule are responsive to linear acceleration.
4: Describe neural processing of vestibular information.
5: Discuss clinical vestibular disfunctions.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
048 Chemical Senses - Taste and Olfaction
General Information
Faculty:    Jaggar, Jonathan
Goals
1: Discuss taste sensation classifications.
2: Understand taste receptor signal transduction mechanisms
3: Discuss neural processing of taste information.
4: Discuss major cell types in olfactory epithelium.
5: Neural processing of olfactory information.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
049 Skeletal Motor Control
General Information
Faculty:    Jaggar, Jonathan
Goals
1: Understand hierarchy of the nervous system in motor control.
2: Discuss skeletal muscle length monitoring systems and the mechanoreceptors that encode joint position.
3: Discuss skeletal muscle tension monitoring systems.
4: Describe the sensory components of skeletal muscle, i.e., receptors, afferents, and efferents.
5: Know functions of alpha and gamma motor fibers.
6: Define and understand the importance and functional significance of alpha-gamma co-activation.
7: Understand mechanisms of stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
050 Brain motor centers and descending pathways
General Information
Faculty:    Jaggar, Jonathan
Goals
1: Discuss major regions of the brain involved with motor control.
2: Understand major descending pathways involved with motor control.
3: Understand clinical disorders of motor control.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Jaggar, Dr. Jonathan
051 Overview and Organization of the Cardiovascular system path of blood f
General Information
Faculty:    Blatteis, Clark
Goals
1: Know the overall organization of the cardiovascular system and understand the fundamental principles governing blood flow.
2: Describe the path of blood flow through the entire cardiovascular system and know the factors that affect the movement of this flow.
3: Describe the pressures of blood flow velocities in the vascular system, beginning with the ejection of blood from the left ventricle and ending with its return intot he same chamber.
4: List and explain the major mechanisms affecting arteriolar radius, including the identities and modes of action of relevant mediators, e.g., angiotensin, bradykinin, prostanoids, nitric acid, vasopressin, and others.
5: Define vascular resistance, compliance, conductance, and capacitance.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Blatteis,  Clark
052 Maintenance of blood flow:  regulation of blood volume systemic blood
General Information
Faculty:    Blatteis, Clark
Goals
1: Identify the major sites of blood flow resistance in the vascular system and explain how these may be changed.
2: Contrast myogenic and metabolic autoregulation and provide some examples of local control of organ blood flow.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Blatteis,  Clark
053 Previous lecture continued
General Information
Faculty:    Blatteis, Clark
Goals
1: Describe the anatomy of the heart and contrast cardiac and skeletal muscle as tissues.
2: Describe the conducting system of the heart and explain cardiac automaticity and rhytmicity.
3: Understand the sequence of cardiac excitation, including the pacemaker and other membrane potentials and ionic permeability changes associated with this event.
4: Outline the steps in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle and provide details about the rold of Ca2+ in this process.
5: Explain the long duration of the cardiac action potential and the resulting long refractory period.
6: Describe the neurochemical control of the cardiac pacemaker.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Blatteis,  Clark
054 The Heart Muscle as a Pump:  The Cardiac Cycle
General Information
Faculty:    Blatteis, Clark
Goals
1: Correlate the membrane potential changes of cardiac excitation with the electrocardiogram and label the latter.
2: Know and name the phases of the cardiac cycle and explain why left- and right-sided events are temporarily slightly different.
3: Explain the pressure-flow relationship and the operation of the cardic valves during each phase of the cardiac cycle.
4: Summarize in a labeled figure all the events (ECG, heart sounds, blood pressure and volume changes, and valve openings and closings) that occur during each phase of the cardic cycle.
5: Name the fluctuations in arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle and relate them to the flow of blood within a vessel.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Blatteis,  Clark
055 Electrochemical and mechanical events of the heartbeat: the EKG and he
General Information
Faculty:    Blatteis, Clark
Goals
1: Describe the major physiological factors that determine the stroke volume and define end-diastolic and end systolic volumes.
2: Explain and account for the Frank-Starling mechanism, illustrating the principle involved with a ventricular function curve.
3: State and explain the effect of sympathetic stimulation on ventricular contractility and the ejection fraction.
4: Summarize the major factors that determine the cardiac output.
5: Define venous return and know the factors that determine it.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Blatteis,  Clark
056 Cardiac Output
Goals
1: Discuss the major factors that influence the heart rate.
2: Contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous sytem influences on heart rate and cardiac excitatin in general.
3: Identify the factors that determine mean arterial pressure.
4: Identify the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways, cardioinhibitory, cardioacceleratory, and vasomotor centers, and effectors in the arterial baroreceptor reflex.
5: Describe the operation of the arterial baroreceptor reflex and explain how it regulates arterial pressure in the short term.
6: Describe the operation of the long-term determinates of arterial pressure.
7: Discuss the compensatory mechanisms that become activated to maintain and/or restore normal blood pressure under various physiological (e.g., physical exercise) and pathophysiological (e.g., blood loss) conditions.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
    No Participating Faculty Members were found.
057 The exchange of fluids, solutes, and solids across the endothelial bar
General Information
Faculty:    Blatteis, Clark
Goals
1: Differentiate among the various factors that influence the transcapillary exchange of fluid and nutrients.
2: Explain the operation of Starling forces in transcapillary transport.
3: Describe the consequences of altering pre- and post- capillary pressures on transcapillary fluid movement.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Blatteis,  Clark
058 Regional circulations: pulmonary, coronary, cutaneous, oral, skeletal
General Information
Faculty:    Blatteis, Clark
Goals
1: Contrast the structure of systemic and lymphatic capillaries and describe the flow pattern in the lymphatic system.
2: Explain the several conditions under which edema may develop.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Blatteis,  Clark
059 Integrative cardiovascular patterns in health and disease
General Information
Faculty:    Blatteis, Clark
Goals
1: Describe the mechanisms that regulate the coronary, cerebral, pulmonary, splanchnic, cutaneous, adn skeletal muscle circulations.
Referenced Standards or Competencies
    None found.
Participating Faculty List
Blatteis,  Clark

Evaluation Methods Overview

    21 %    Final (Written) Exam
    63 %    Mid-Term (Written) Exam
    16 %    Other (Written) Exam

University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy

Course SyllabusPHYS121 Physiology

University of Tennessee
College of Pharmacy

Course Syllabus
PHYS121 Physiology